MCC APPROACH

Adaptation through Diverse Knowledge Forms, Local Networks, and Collaborative Science

“Social inclusion will result in more socially sustainable processes, yielding collectively higher levels of societal well-being.” Dujon et al. 2013, p.2

Image of identity and worldview figure leading to five major elements.
Figure 1. Our identity, or worldview, is comprised of complex interacting components, or knowledge forms, that collectively interpret our human experiences and drive our actions. The above figure is structured to demonstrate examples of these interacting components of one’s worldview: (1) experience, instincts, & intuition, (2) emotional intelligence and unconscious, (3) individual values, (4) group norms & values, and (5) perception. Within each category, the figure lists a few different ways to interpret each concept: common definition, foundational elements in bullets, and key supporting resources from the larger Human Dimensions Resource Library immediately below. This figure is not exhaustive in that it focuses on knowledge forms strongly influencing human behavior, yet not typically considered alongside rational intellect (i.e., knowledge forms beyond conventions of reason or logic in isolation).

Human Dimensions Resource Library

Click on the different sections below to expand them and explore useful resources representing a diversity of perspectives on each form of knowledge underpinning one’s identity or worldview. The bolded resources are the ones spotlighted in the figure above and represent cornerstone resources on those topics. As stated in the above figure caption, these knowledge forms are not exhaustive in that they center on capacities strongly influencing human behavior, yet not typically noted when considering knowledge or intellect (i.e., knowledge forms beyond conventions of reason or logic in isolation).

Holistic, sensory knowledge: a creative/innovative path

1) Sir Kenneth Robinson TED Talk (2007) : “Do Schools Kill Creativity?”; most viewed talk in the history of TED Talks

2) Sir Kenneth Robinson TED Talk (2010): “Changing Education Paradigms”

3) Sir Kenneth Robinson TED Talk (2015): “Bring on the learning revolution!”

Foundations of phenomenal ecology as a cornerstone of the emerging field of environmental anthropology (i.e., phenomenal ecology)

4) Abram D (1996) The spell of the sensuous: language and perception in a more than human world. Random House, Toronto

5) Abram D (2020) In the ground of our unknowing; COVID essay

6) Ingold T (2011) The Perception of the Environment: essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill, 2nd edn. Routledge, London.

7) Orr Y, Lansing JS, Dove MR (2015) Environmental Anthropology: Systemic Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 44(1): 153-168.

More-than-human literacy: an avian biologist and Native Hawaiian practitioner talk story

8) Workshop led by Patrick Hart & Taupōuri Tangarō. April 28, 2022. Kani Manu & Oli Kānaka, Connecting the Language of Birds and Chant. Part of a 2-day symposium from the Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science Graduate Program at the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo.

Experience preeminent over facts

9) Kubin E, Curtis P, Schein C, Gray K (2021) Personal experiences bridge moral and political divides better than facts Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Feb 2021, 118 (6) e2008389118. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008389118

10) van der Linden S, Maibach E, Leiserowitz A (2015) Improving public engagement with climate change: five “best practice” insights from psychological science. Perspect Psychol Sci 10:758-763. doi: 10.1177/1745691615598516

A shift in worldview: Franz Boas extends beyond intellect and immerses experientially (ethnography) within arctic Inuit culture, pushing cultural anthropology forward through his influential notions of cultural relativism and the critical context of place

11. Podcast: Nov. 19, 2020. The Invention of Race. NPR Throughline

Daniel Kahneman, psychologist and Nobel Prize winner in behavioral economics, moves well beyond conventional understanding of human behavior when considering effective pathways of engaging intuition within decision making

12. Podcast: March, 2021. Daniel Kahneman Doesn’t Trust Your Intuition. Taken for Granted, an interview by Adam Grant

The power of peers

1) Per Espen Stoknes Sept 2017 TedTalk: “How to transform apocalypse fatigue into action on global warming”

2) Amel E, Manning C, Scott B, Koger S (2017) Beyond the roots of human inaction: fostering collective effort toward ecosystem conservation. Science, 356(6335), 275-279. doi: 10.1126/science.aal1931

3) Pōpolo Project June 9, 2020 Akiemi Glenn interview: “Blackness in the Pacific”

4) Jay Coen Gilbert (Cofounder, Global B Corporation Movement) interview, May 20, 2022: A New Model for Capitalism

The power of trust

5) Website: Stephen M. R. Covey is co-founder of the FranklinCovey Global Speed of Trust Practice (website) and is the New York Times and #1 Wall Street Journal bestselling author of The Speed of Trust.

The Speed of Trust videos (2017; a few minutes each):

Counterfeit Behaviors Destructive of Trust

The Role of Trust in Collaboration

The Role of Trust in Innovation

Leading at the Speed of Trust (2022, 14-min). The webcast outlines trust as the #1 competency needed in leaders today. Outlining trust as driven by credibility and behavior, the video presents four cores of credibility and 13 behaviors that disproportionately impact trust:

Leading at the Speed of Trust

Post-heroic “Myth Makers” as universally adaptive and transformative entities across human cultures

6) Sharon Blackie (2018) “Mythic Imagination” Ted Talk. As a mythologist and psychologist, Dr. Blackie explores how mythical guidelines of any culture can lead us to live more deeply and more authentically within ourselves through our connections with more-than-human realms.

A comparison of distinct group norms (relationality vs. linear notions of time)

7) Tynan L (2021) What is relationality? Indigenous knowledges, practices and responsibilities with kin. Cultural Geographies. 28(4):597-610. doi:10.1177/14744740211029287

8) Whyte K (2021) Time as Kinship. In The Cambridge Companion to Environmental Humanities, edited by Jeffrey Cohen (Arizona State University) and Stephanie Foote (West Virginia University). Cambridge University Press.

Key words: Climate justice, Indigenous studies, environmental justice, climate crisis.

The dawn of American anthropology: cultural relativism, race as a human construct (not a biological reality), and retaining the context and continuity of place

9) Podcast: Nov. 19, 2020. The Invention of Race. NPR Throughline

Multiculturalism vs. melting pot: a global discussion of group norms as they relate to cultural resilience over time

10. Podcast: Sept. 1, 2023. Diversity: From Rome to Rwanda with Jens Heycke. Season 4, episode 32 from Coleman Hughes’ podcast series “Conversations with Coleman.” 

Mental models (identity framework)

1) Abram D (1996) The spell of the sensuous: language and perception in a more than human world. Random House, Toronto

2) Jones N, Ross H, Lynam T, Perez P, Leitch A (2011) Mental models: an interdisciplinary synthesis of theory and methods. Ecology and Society 16:46.

3) Bruine de Bruin, W., Rabinovich, L., Weber, K. et al. Public understanding of climate change terminology. Climatic Change 167, 37 (2021).

4) Dabrowski’s theory of positive disintegration: Daniels S, Piechowsky M, eds. (2009). Living with intensity: understanding the sensitivity, excitability, and the emotional development of gifted children, adolescents, and adults. Great Potential Press.

5) Implicit bias: Anne Gillies, Oregon State University, January 12, 2018 YouTube video

6) Theory-U; action research originating at MIT has developed specific pathways through which to develop overlooked but essential leadership capacities in teams and individuals from the emergent Self.

7) Otto Scharmer (MIT) presents Deep listening as derived from Emergence Theory

Unconscious explaining away of uncomfortable scenarios (theory of cognitive dissonance)

8) Tavris C and Aronson E (2007). Mistakes were made (but not by me): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts. Harcourt.

Conscious recognition of hot and cold behaviors (knowledge systems 1&2)

9) Vedantam, S, R Cohen, T Boyle, J. Schmidt (2019). In The Heat of the Moment: How Intense Emotions Transform Us (hot/cold empathy gaps). Hidden Brain, NPR

10) van der Linden S, Maibach E, Leiserowitz A (2015). Improving public engagement with climate change: five “best practice” insights from psychological science. Perspect Psychol Sci 10:758-763. doi: 10.1177/1745691615598516

“Everyone carries a shadow, and the less it is embodied in the individual’s conscious life, the blacker and denser it is.” Jung 1969, p.76

Several canoes and teams racing in ocean with support boats and helicopter surrounding.
Figure 2. The start of the 63rd annual Molokaʻi Hoe outrigger canoe race, October 2015. The collaborative networks and sensory experience that define the Molokaʻi Hoe are also fundamental guiding principles of our MCC program. To excel in this 40+ mile outrigger canoe race, crews must have extensive experience paddling together, instinctive awareness of one another’s abilities and open ocean elements, and collective resilience and adaptive capacity in the face of unforgiving and ever-changing ocean conditions. Photo credit: www.808photo.me

Science and Shifting to Sustainable Human Behavior: the quality of our relationships

Research in psychology and cognitive science has made clear that humans do not predominantly make decisions according to objective reason and logic. Rather, human behavior is more profoundly based upon deeply-rooted affect (emotion) and experiential capacities that are driven by person-to-person and person-to-nature interactions, group norms and values, individual values, perceptions, instincts, intuitions, and related visceral factors that collectively define one’s identity or worldview (Ingold 2011; Jones et al. 2011; Kahan et al. 2012; van der Linden et al. 2015; Jones et al. 2016, Amel et al. 2017, Laursen et al. 2018). Collectively these long-term human and more-than-human relationships (e.g., relationality) have guided adaptive human behavior since the dawn of our species (Tynan 2021). At our most basic level of existence (i.e., survival), it is the quality of our relationships that guides our capacity for adaptation and resilience through ancestral and evolutionary time (Kanae Kanahele Keali‘ikanaka‘oleoHaililani 2023).

To move beyond simply “actionable science” (the possibility of action) and engage action through science, our MCC program is designed to build upon long-term, place-based communities through the process of knowledge co-production. We feel that supporting person-to-person and person-to-nature relationships (i.e., situated or embodied knowledge) within local networks (e.g., community leaders, natural and cultural resource managers, policy professionals, etc.) harnesses multiple knowledge forms and provides a platform for recognizing and supporting a wide range of participants and worldviews through experience of place (Ingold 2011, Winter et al. 2020). In doing so, we can account for and directly engage the full breadth of influences that drive human behavior in our effort to build climate adaption capacity through unprecedented socio-ecological change.

Collaborative Research Output: building upon place-based adaptive capacity

Participants gathered on the rim of Hāʻao spring where there is a deep rocky crevasse.
Figure 3. Camp attendees track freshwater flow, long utilized by human cultures in Kaʻū, from its mauka source at Hāʻao Spring (2,300 ft) to its entrance into the ocean. Photo credit: McClymont, USGS

The MCC seeks to empower place-based adaptation amid contemporary climate change impacts by building upon existing long-term networks and rooting research efforts within strong local community bonds that manifest trust (Winter et al. 2020). Employing knowledge co-production within enduring place-based networks, shifts applied research pathways toward an increased capacity for managers and policy professionals on the ground to utilize research output. This is due to the direct involvement of local resource stewards as co-leads throughout the scientific process and the resulting vested interest in the collaborative products. Toward this end, the MCC unites manager and researcher networks through highly collaborative research pathways and embeds the scientific process within specific biocultural land and seascapes.

Dive Deeper: 2018 publication in Environmental Management
Read More: 2025 MCC poster, 2020 case study

Amel E, Manning C, Scott B, Koger S (2017) Beyond the roots of human inaction: fostering collective effort toward ecosystem conservation. Science, 356(6335), 275-279.

Dujon V, Dillard J, Brennan EM (2013) Social sustainability: a multilevel approach to social inclusion. Routledge

Ingold T (2011) The Perception of the Environment: essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill, 2nd edn. Routledge, London.

Jones N, Ross H, Lynam T, Perez P, Leitch A (2011) Mental models: an interdisciplinary synthesis of theory and methods. Ecology and Society 16:46. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art46

Jones N, Shaw S, Ross H, Witt K, Pinner B (2016) The study of human values in understanding and managing social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society 21(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-07977-210115

Jung C (1969) Psychology and Religion: West and East, Collected Works of C.G. Jung Volume 11, 2nd edn., Princeton University Press.

Kahan DM, Peters E, Wittlin M, Slovic P, Ouellette LL, Braman D, Mandel G (2012) The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nat Climate Change 2:732-735

Kanae Kanahele Keali‘ikanaka‘oleoHaililani K (2023) The Charm of Ki‘i. In Moʻolelo – The Foundation of Hawaiian Knowledge. C M Kaliko Baker and T Haili‘ōpua Baker, eds. University of Hawaiʻi Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2xh53mc.

Laursen S, Puniwai N, Genz AS, Nash SAB, Canale LK, and Ziegler-Chong S (2018) Collaboration across worldviews: managers and scientists on Hawaiʻi Island utilize knowledge coproduction to facilitate climate change adaptation. Environmental Management 62(4): 619-630

Tynan L (2021) What is relationality? Indigenous knowledges, practices and responsibilities with kin. Cultural Geographies. 28(4):597-610. doi:10.1177/14744740211029287

van der Linden S, Maibach E, Leiserowitz A (2015) Improving public engagement with climate change: five “best practice” insights from psychological science. Perspect Psychol Sci 10:758-763. doi: 10.1177/1745691615598516

Winter KB, Rii YM, Reppun FAWL, Hintzen KD, Alegado RA, Bowen BW, Bremer LL, Coffman M, Deenik JL, Donahue MJ, Falinski KA, Frank K, Franklin EC, Kurashima N, Kekuewa Lincoln N, Madin EMP, McManus MA, Nelson CE, Okano R, Olegario A, Pascua P, Oleson KLL, Price MR, Rivera MJ, Rodgers KS, Ticktin T, Sabine CL, Smith CM, Hewett A, Kaluhiwa R, Cypher M, Thomas B, Leong J-A, Kekuewa K, Tanimoto J, Kukea-Shultz K, Kawelo A, Kotubetey K, Neilson BJ, Lee TS, Toonen RJ (2020) Collaborative research to inform adaptive comanagement: a framework for the Heʻeia National Estuarine Research Reserve. Ecology and Society 25(4):15. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11895-250415

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CONTACT

Scott Laursen
Climate Change Adaptation Extension Specialist
slaursen@hawaii.edu